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Переведите пожалуйста) HIS EARLY LIFEERNEST HEMINGWAY was one of the great American writers of the twentieth century. He was born on 21 July 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, the second of six children. His family was strict and very religious. His father taught his children a love of nature and the outdoor life. Ernest caught his first fish at the age of three, and was given a shotgun for his twelfth birthday. His mother taught him a love of music and art. At school, he was good at English and wrote for the school newspaper. He graduated in 1917, but he didnt go to college. He went to Kansas City and worked as a journalist for the Star newspaper. He learned a lot, but left after only six months to go to war.HEMINGWAY AND WARHemingway was fascinated by war. He had wanted to become a soldier, but couldnt because he had poor eyesight. Instead, in the First World War, he became an ambulance driver and was sent to Italy, where he was wounded in 1918. After the war, he went to live in Paris, where he was encouraged in his work by the American writer Gertrude Stein. In the 1930s, he became a war correspondent in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Many of his books were about war. His most successful book, For Whom the Bell Tolls, was written in 1940 and is about the Spanish Civil War. Another novel, A Farewell to Arms, is about the futility of war.HIS PERSONAL LIFEHemingways success in writing was not mirrored by similar success in his personal life. He married four times. His first wife divorced him in 1927. He immediately married again and moved to Key West, Florida, where he enjoyed hunting, fishing, and drinking, but he also suffered from depression. This wasnt helped when, in 1928, his father committed suicide. Hemingways health was not good and he had many accidents. Two more marriages failed and he began to drink heavily. In 1954, he survived two plane crashes. In October of the same year he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, but he was too ill to receive it in person.HIS FINAL YEARSHis final years were taken up with health problems and alcohol. He began to lose his memory and he couldnt write any more. On Sunday, 2 July 1961, Belt Toes Hemingway killed himself with a shotgun, just as his father had done before him.
Переведите пожалуйста и составьте по 15 вопросов с ответами к каждому топику Defining Psychology The word "psychology" is made up from two Greek words: "psyche" meaning mind or soul and "logos" meaning word or study. There is no simple definition that differentiates between what is not psychology. There were many attempts to define the subject matter of this science. In Germany, in the late nineteenth and early twenties centuries, psychology was defined as "the science of mind". Its subject matter was considered to be the private experience of the individuals which was to be studied using the methods of science. This approach was called mentalism. Later, in America this definition came to be considered self-contradicting. For how could mental experience, which is essentially private to the individual, be studied using the methods of science? Consequently, these psychologists defined psychology as "the study of behavior". They were known as behaviorists. A common current definition identifies psychology as "the science of behavior and experience". It seems to encompass all approaches. It is possible to provide a quick survey of the main parts of psychology and to identify some of the most important topics in each area of this science. Psychology is concerned with the role of heredity and environment in determining individual differences in psychological development. It also presents the study of perception: how we see, hear, smell, taste and feel the word around us. This is, perhaps, the oldest and best-developed area of psychological research and understanding. One of the areas of psychology covers the higher mental processes, including thinking, problem solving, and decision making, with emphasis on the role of language and intelligence. Human motivation and emotion are the central concerns of one moi-e area of this science. These concerns are easily appreciated even by individuals who have never studied psychology. Psychology also presents the study of personality, its disorders and psychotherapy. This is where psychologists characterize how different people respond emotionally to situations. The particular attention is given to psychoanalysis. They also review various methods of psychotherapy. These are the attempts of psychologists and psychiatrists to change personality and help people deal with their emotional problems. One more area concentrates on social psychology: on how people are shaped by their social environment, how they interpret it, and how they behave in groups. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is an Austrian physician. He revolutionized ideas on how the human mind works. Freud established the theory that unconscious motives control much behaviour. He thus greatly advanced the field of psychiatry. His work has helped millions of mentally ill patients. His theories have brought new approaches in child rearing, education, and sociology and have provided new themes for many authors and artists. S.Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia, a region that is now part of Czechoslovakia. He was the oldest of eight children, and his father was a wool merchant. He graduated from the medical school of the University of Vienna in 1881. Freud later decided to specialize in neurology, the treatment of disorders of the nervous system. In 1885, Freud went to Paris to study under Jean Martin Charcot, a famous neurologist. Charcot was working with patients who suffered from a mental illness now called hysteria. Some of these people appeared to be blind or paralyzed, but they actually had no physical defects. Charcot demonstrated that their real problem was mental. Freud returned to Vienna in 1886 and began to work extensively with hysterical patients. He gradually formed ideas about the origin and treatment of mental illness. Freud used the term psychoanalysis for both his theories and his method of treatment. When he first presented his ideas in the 1890- s, other physicians reacted with hostility. But Freud eventually attracted a group of followers, and by 1910, he had gained international recognition. During the following decade, Freuds reputation continued to grow. He was constantly modifying his own ideas, and in 1923 he published a revised version of many of his earlier theories. In 1938, the Nazis gained control of Austria. Freud, who was Jewish, went to England with his wife and children to escape persecution. He died there of cancer in 1939. Freud wrote many works. However, his most important writings include The Interpretation of Dreams", "General Introduction of Psychoanalysis", "The Ego and the Id".
Перевести в косвенную речь1. Barbara said to Martha, " You have known me long."2. " We didnt have dinner there," said the boy.3. The teacher asked us, " Do you understand this question?"4." When I came Jane was playing the piano ," said Kity5."Jack is on the terrace. He is playing chess with his brother, " told Nelly/6/ The policeman asked me," Where did you lose your wallet?"7. I asked Peter," Are you going to play football on Friday?"8. Marys mother said to her," Dont go out without you coat."9. " He was born in Moscow," she said10. "The man asked his friend," When did you buy your car?"
